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Nhã nhạc, which translates to “elegant music” in Vietnamese, encompasses diverse styles of music and dance that graced the Vietnamese royal court from the 15th to mid-20th century.

This music was primarily performed at events like anniversaries, religious festivals, coronations, funerals, and official banquets, and was integral to both the commencement and conclusion of such ceremonies. Distinct among Viet Nam’s multiple musical genres for its nationwide performances, Nhã nhạc also shares deep connections with the traditional practices of East Asian nations. Historically, performances included an array of singers, dancers, and musicians donned in ornate attire. A grand-scale orchestra, made up of a variety of percussion, wind, and string instruments, was required, with a particular emphasis placed on drumming, Nhã nhạc’s most distinguishing characteristic. Each performer would be required to maintain a high level of concentration as they meticulously adhered to the intricacies of each ceremonial phase.

Nhã nhạc flourished during the Lê Dynasty (1427–1788) and reached a peak of institutionalization and systematization under the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945). More than just a symbol of dynastic power and longevity, Nhã nhạc was essential for court ceremonies, transcending its role as mere ritual music. It functioned as an ethereal conduit for communication with deities and monarchs, as well as a means to offer tributes. Additionally, it was instrumental in preserving and conveying esoteric knowledge of the natural world and the cosmos.

In recognition of its profound cultural value and the imperative for its preservation, Nhã nhạc was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2008.
© Hue Monument Conservation Centre